您的位置: 首页 » 法律资料网 » 法律论文 »

合同起草方略之制胜十招/高长玉

时间:2024-07-12 13:03:25 来源: 法律资料网 作者:法律资料网 阅读:9117
下载地址: 点击此处下载
合同起草方略之制胜十招

信用经济的到来,使我们在商业实践中不可避免的要经常同合同打交道,不过,合同违约后的诉讼成本还是那么的高。在针锋相对的违约诉讼中,律师趁机开出高价的账单也是常有的事。诉讼中,合同中的每一个字,每一个词,每一句话,都意味着潜在的输或赢,合同双方押在这上面下的赌注也很大。

作为公司经理人或代理人,如果你在起草合同时能够很好的把握两条原则:小心谨慎和深思熟虑。那么,在将来可能发生的违约诉讼中,你可能已经抢先一步,胜券在握了。本文结合合同管理实践,提出了合同起草的十招,但愿它们能帮助你起草无可挑剔的合同,让你的公司免受诉讼的困扰。

第一招 注意合同名称与合同内容是否一致

有些企业使用合同统一文本,这本是好事,但由于对合同性质了解不细,出现张冠李戴的事情。例如本是加工承揽合同,却使用购销合同文本,为合同以后的履行和适用法律条款增添了争议。

第二招 注意列明每项商品的单价

有些企业在购销合同中,标的是多类商品,但却只在合同中明确各类商品的总价款,而不确定具体每种商品的单价,一旦合同部分履行后发生争议,就难以确定尚未履行的部分商品的价款。

第三招 在合同中明确违约金和赔偿金计算方法

《合同法》虽然规定一方违约,另一方可以向其追索违约金和赔偿金,但如果合同中没有明确违约金的数额,法院就会视为双方当时放弃违约金权利,而不予支持。对赔偿金计算方法作出明确约定,有利于以后发生争议后迅速确定赔偿金额。

第四招 确定管辖法院

现在一些案件,经常在诉讼管辖耗费时间和精力。如何避免哪?不妨在合同中明确管辖法院。根据《民事诉讼法》有关规定,合同的双方当事人可以在书面合同中协议选择被告住所地、合同履行地、合同签订地、原告住所地、标的物所在地人民法院管辖,但不得违反诉讼法中对级别管辖和专属管辖的规定。在签订合同时,双方一般比较友好,比较容易达成一致意见,如果事先确定了管辖法院,就不必在以后为争管辖法院而斗的你死我活了。

第五招 注意用词严谨

不要在合同重用模零两可的词句或多义词。有这样一个案例,原告甲乙口头约定,由乙向甲借款五万元。后来,乙归还了部分借款,甲为乙出具一张凭据“还欠款一万元”。后来,甲因乙迟迟不归还余款,遂向法院起诉,要求乙归还余款4万元。这就出现了两种理解方法:一种认为,甲为乙出具的是一张收条,其真实意思是,实际收到了乙归还的欠款1万元,乙仍然欠款4万元,这里的“还”应读为HUAN;另一种意见认为,甲出具的条子是一张证明,它证明了,甲与乙之间现存的欠款标的额,此处的“还”应当读为HAI,意思为,乙还有1万元未归还,故应判令乙归还甲1万元。这个案例说明,用此不严谨只能给自己造成麻烦,而给别有用心人钻了空子。

还有一份合同在结尾中这样写:合同在双方签字盖章后生效。但是一方只签了字没有盖章,事后不久双方闹至法院,一方提出由于合同只签了字而没有盖章,双方约定合同成立的要件不全,因此合同部成立。

以上事例说明,如果当事人在签合同是多斟酌一下,这些问题应该会避免的。

第六招 签约对象的主体资格

当前,经营单位的性质、种类、背景比较复杂,有关部门的管理不到位现象比较普遍。在此情况下,为防范欺诈行为,减少交易风险,非常有必要考虑交易对方的主体资格、履行合同能力、信用情况等。主体资格方面应当查看一下对方的营业执照和企业参加年检的证明资料。不能仅凭其名片、介绍信、工作证、公章、授权书、营业执照复印件等证件,有的企业因连续两年不参加年检而已被工商部门吊销营业执照,如果你稍一疏忽,就可能掉进一些不法分子设置的陷阱。

第七招 合同条款必须对等性

合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止权利义务的协议,合同法明确规定当事人应当遵循公平原则确定各方的权利义务,一方享受权利,必须承担义务,合同条款的对等性是公平原则的重要内容。不要签义务多、责任重、权利少这类一边倒的合同,例如合同只规定我方违约要如何处理而无对方违约如何处理的内容。同样,也不要签订权利多、义务少的、责任轻的合同,否则另一方可能以该合同违背公平原则对合同的有效性提出抗辩。

第八招 注意定金与“订金”的区别

定金是债的一种担保方式,合同法规定当事人可以依照《中华人民共和国担保法》约定一方向对方给付定金作为债权的担保。债务人履行债务后,定金应当抵作价款或者收回。给付定金的一方不履行约定的债务的,无权要求返还定金;收受定金的一方不履行约定的债务的,应当双倍返还定金。可见定金具有惩罚性,在合同法上称为定金罚则。在实践中不少人将定金写成了“订金”,而“订金”在法律上被认定为预付款,不具有担保功能。

第九招 注意项目分包合同的特殊要求

公司承揽的有些项目是从其他承包商那里分包而来的,此类合同涉及一个重要的问题是发包方是否允许承包商对项目进行分包或转包,通常的情况是发包方禁止项目转包和分包或者规定未经发包方同意,承包商不得将项目转包或分包给第三方。根据合同法的规定,转包、分包都要经过发包方的同意,否则转包或发包行为无效。对工程项目进行转包或分包的承包商往往对分包方隐瞒了原合同的规定,对此应当直接向承包商提出此问题并要求其征得发包方同意将工程转包或分包给我方。

第十招 仲裁机构名称要写具体、明确

有的合同在约定仲裁事项时,只是笼统的写一旦发生纠纷在甲方(或乙方)所在地仲裁部门解决。这样的仲裁条款只是约定了仲裁地点而对仲裁机构没有约定,实际上不具有任何法律效力。根据仲裁法的规定,当事人在订立仲裁协议或约定仲裁条款时,应当选定仲裁委员会。所以对仲裁机构必须写具体的名称,如青岛仲裁委员会、烟台仲裁委员会。如果没有写具体名称,发生纠纷后只能由当事人协商签订补充协议予以明确,协商不成原仲裁协议或合同仲裁条款无效。

中华人民共和国民用航空安全保卫条例(附英文)

国务院


中华人民共和国民用航空安全保卫条例(附英文)

(1996年7月6日中华人民共和国国务院令第201号发布)

第一章 总 则
第一条 为了防止对民用航空活动的非法干扰,维护民用航空秩序,保障民用航空安全,制定本条例。
第二条 本条例适用于在中华人民共和国领域内的一切民用航空活动以及与民用航空活动有关的单位和个人。
在中华人民共和国领域外从事民用航空活动的具有中华人民共和国国籍的民用航空器适用本条例;但是,中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约另有规定的除外。
第三条 民用航空安全保卫工作实行统一管理、分工负责的原则。
民用航空公安机关(以下简称民航公安机关)负责对民用航空安全保卫工作实施统一管理、检查和监督。
第四条 有关地方人民政府与民用航空单位应当密切配合,共同维护民用航空安全。
第五条 旅客、货物托运人和收货人以及其他进入机场的人员,应当遵守民用航空安全管理的法律、法规和规章。
第六条 民用机场经营人和民用航空器经营人应当履行下列职责:
(一)制定本单位民用航空安全保卫方案,并报国务院民用航空主管部门备案;
(二)严格实行有关民用航空安全保卫的措施;
(三)定期进行民用航空安全保卫训练,及时消除危及民用航空安全的隐患。
与中华人民共和国通航的外国民用航空企业,应当向国务院民用航空主管部门报送民用航空安全保卫方案。
第七条 公民有权向民航公安机关举报预谋劫持、破坏民用航空器或者其他危害民用航空安全的行为。
第八条 对维护民用航空安全做出突出贡献的单位或者个人,由有关人民政府或者国务院民用航空主管部门给予奖励。

第二章 民用机场的安全保卫
第九条 民用机场(包括军民合用机场中的民用部分,下同)的新建、改建或者扩建,应当符合国务院民用航空主管部门关于民用机场安全保卫设施建设的规定。
第十条 民用机场开放使用,应当具备下列安全保卫条件:
(一)设有机场控制区并配备专职警卫人员;
(二)设有符合标准的防护围栏和巡逻通道;
(三)设有安全保卫机构并配备相应的人员和装备;
(四)设有安全检查机构并配备与机场运输量相适应的人员和检查设备;
(五)设有专职消防组织并按照机场消防等级配备人员和设备;
(六)订有应急处置方案并配备必要的应急援救设备。
第十一条 机场控制区应当根据安全保卫的需要,划定为候机隔离区、行李分检装卸区、航空器活动区和维修区、货物存放区等,并分别设置安全防护设施和明显标志。
第十二条 机场控制区应当有严密的安全保卫措施,实行封闭式分区管理。具体管理办法由国务院民用航空主管部门制定。
第十三条 人员与车辆进入机场控制区,必须佩带机场控制区通行证并接受警卫人员的检查。
机场控制区通行证,由民航公安机关按照国务院民用航空主管部门的有关规定制发和管理。
第十四条 在航空器活动区和维修区内的人员、车辆必须按照规定路线行进,车辆、设备必须在指定位置停放,一切人员、车辆必须避让航空器。
第十五条 停放在机场的民用航空器必须有专人警卫;各有关部门及其工作人员必须严格执行航空器警卫交接制度。
第十六条 机场内禁止下列行为:
(一)攀(钻)越、损毁机场防护围栏及其他安全防护设施;
(二)在机场控制区内狩猎、放牧、晾晒谷物、教练驾驶车辆;
(三)无机场控制区通行证进入机场控制区;
(四)随意穿越航空器跑道、滑行道;
(五)强行登、占航空器;
(六)谎报险情,制造混乱;
(七)扰乱机场秩序的其他行为。

第三章 民用航空营运的安全保卫
第十七条 承运人及其代理人出售客票,必须符合国务院民用航空主管部门的有关规定;对不符合规定的,不得售予客票。
第十八条 承运人办理承运手续时,必须核对乘机人和行李。
第十九条 旅客登机时,承运人必须核对旅客人数。
对已经办理登机手续而未登机的旅客的行李,不得装入或者留在航空器内。
旅客在航空器飞行中途中止旅行时,必须将其行李卸下。
第二十条 承运人对承运的行李、货物,在地面存储和运输期间,必须有专人监管。
第二十一条 配制、装载供应品的单位对装入航空器的供应品,必须保证其安全性。
第二十二条 航空器在飞行中的安全保卫工作由机长统一负责。
航空安全员在机长领导下,承担安全保卫的具体工作。
机长、航空安全员和机组其他成员,应当严格履行职责,保护民用航空器及其所载人员和财产的安全。
第二十三条 机长在执行职务时,可以行使下列权力:
(一)在航空器起飞前,发现有关方面对航空器未采取本条例规定的安全措施的,拒绝起飞;
(二)在航空器飞行中,对扰乱航空器内秩序,干扰机组人员正常工作而不听劝阻的人,采取必要的管束措施;
(三)在航空器飞行中,对劫持、破坏航空器或者其他危及安全的行为,采取必要的措施;
(四)在航空器飞行中遇到特殊情况时,对航空器的处置作最后决定。
第二十四条 禁止下列扰乱民用航空营运秩序的行为:
(一)倒卖购票证件、客票和航空运输企业的有效订座凭证;
(二)冒用他人身份证件购票、登机;
(三)利用客票交运或者捎带非旅客本人的行李物品;
(四)将未经安全检查或者采取其他安全措施的物品装入航空器。
第二十五条 航空器内禁止下列行为:
(一)在禁烟区吸烟;
(二)抢占座位、行李舱(架);
(三)打架、酗酒、寻衅滋事;
(四)盗窃、故意损坏或者擅自移动救生物品和设备;
(五)危及飞行安全和扰乱航空器内秩序的其他行为。

第四章 安全检查
第二十六条 乘坐民用航空器的旅客和其他人员及其携带的行李物品,必须接受安全检查;但是,国务院规定免检的除外。
拒绝接受安全检查的,不准登机,损失自行承担。
第二十七条 安全检查人员应当查验旅客客票、身份证件和登机牌,使用仪器或者手工对旅客及其行李物品进行安全检查,必要时可以从严检查。
已经安全检查的旅客应当在候机隔离区等待登机。
第二十八条 进入候机隔离区的工作人员(包括机组人员)及其携带的物品,应当接受安全检查。
接送旅客的人员和其他人员不得进入候机隔离区。
第二十九条 外交邮袋免予安全检查。外交信使及其随身携带的其他物品应当接受安全检查;但是,中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约另有规定的除外。
第三十条 空运的货物必须经过安全检查或者对其采取的其他安全措施。
货物托运人不得伪报品名托运或者在货物中夹带危险物品。
第三十一条 航空邮件必须经过安全检查。发现可疑邮件时,安全检查部门应当会同邮政部门开包查验处理。
第三十二条 除国务院另有规定的外,乘坐民用航空器的,禁止随身携带或者交运下列物品:
(一)枪支、弹药、军械、警械;
(二)管制刀具;
(三)易燃、易爆、有毒、腐蚀性、放射性物品;
(四)国家规定的其他禁运物品。
第三十三条 除本条例第三十二条规定的物品外,其他可以用于危害航空安全的物品,旅客不得随身携带,但是可以作为行李交运或者按照国务院民用航空主管部门的有关规定由机组人员带到目的地后交还。
对含有易燃物质的生活用品实行限量携带。限量携带的物品及其数量,由国务院民用航空主管部门规定。

第五章 罚 则
第三十四条 违反本条例第十四条的规定或者有本条例第十六条、第二十四条第一项和第二项、第二十五条所列行为的,由民航公安机关依照《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》有关规定予以处罚。
第三十五条 违反本条例的有关规定,由民航公安机关按照下列规定予以处罚:
(一)有本条例第二十四条第四项所列行为的,可以处以警告或者3000元以下的罚款;
(二)有本条例第二十四条第三项所列行为的,可以处以警告、没收非法所得或者5000元以下罚款;
(三)违反本条例第三十条第二款、第三十二条的规定,尚未构成犯罪的,可以处以5000元以下罚款、没收或者扣留非法携带的物品。
第三十六条 违反本条例的规定,有下列情形之一的,民用航空主管部门可以对有关单位处以警告、停业整顿或者5万元以下的罚款;民航公安机关可以对直接责任人员处以警告或者500元以下的罚款:
(一)违反本条例第十五条的规定,造成航空器失控的;
(二)违反本条例第十七条的规定,出售客票的;
(三)违反本条例第十八条的规定,承运人办理承运手续时,不核对乘机人和行李的;
(四)违反本条例第十九条的规定的;
(五)违反本条例第二十条、第二十一条、第三十条第一款、第三十一条的规定,对收运、装入航空器的物品不采取安全措施的。
第三十七条 违反本条例的有关规定,构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
第三十八条 违反本条例规定的,除依照本章的规定予以处罚外,给单位或者个人造成财产损失的,应当依法承担赔偿责任。

第六章 附 则
第三十九条 本条例下列用语的含义:
“机场控制区”,是指根据安全需要在机场内划定的进出受到限制的区域。
“候机隔离区”,是指根据安全需要在候机楼(室)内划定的供已经安全检查的出港旅客等待登机的区域及登机通道、摆渡车。
“航空器活动区”,是指机场内用于航空器起飞、着陆以及与此有关的地面活动区域,包括跑道、滑行道、联络道、客机坪。
第四十条 本条例自发布之日起施行。

REGULATIONS ON CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Whole document

Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Security Control in Civil Airport
Chapter III Security of Civil Aviation Operation
Chapter IV Security Inspection
Chapter V Penalty Provisions
Chapter VI Appendix

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These Regulations are formulated for the purpose of safeguarding civil
aviation activities against acts of unlawful interference, maintaining the
order of civil aviation and ensuring the safety of civil aviation.
Article 2
These Regulations are applicable to all civil aviation activities and
to the units and individuals related to civil aviation activities in the
territory of the People's Republic of China.
These Regulations are applicable to civil aircraft possessing the
nationality of the People's Republic of China engaged in civil aviation
activities outside the territory of the People's Republic of China; unless
it is otherwise provided in international treaties concluded or
participated in by the People's Republic of China.
Article 3
Centralized management and division of responsibility shall be
exercised in the work of civil aviation security.
The civil aviation public security department shall be responsible for
the centralized management, inspection and supervision of the work of
civil aviation security.
Article 4
The local governments and civil aviation units concerned shall
co-operate closely and safeguard civil aviation safety commonly.
Article 5
Passengers, consignors, consignees and other persons entering an
airport shall comply with the laws and regulations stipulated for civil
aviation safety control.
Article 6
A civil airport operator and a civil aircraft operator shall fulfill
the following duties:
(1) Establish a civil aviation security programme of his own unit and
report to the competent civil aviation authorities under the State Council
for the record;
(2) Implement strictly the civil aviation security measures concerned;
(3) Carry out periodically civil aviation security training, and
remove in time hidden dangers to the safety of civil aviation.
A foreign civil aviation enterprise operating air services to the
People's Republic of China shall submit its civil aviation security
programme to the competent civil aviation authorities under the State
Council.
Article 7
A citizen has the right to report to the civil aviation public
security institute any premeditated seizure or destruction of civil
aviation aircraft or any other acts that endanger civil aviation safety.
Article 8
Reward shall be given by the people's government concerned or by the
competent civil aviation authorities under the State Council to a unit or
an individual making outstanding contributions to safeguarding civil
aviation safety.

Chapter II Security Control in Civil Airport
Article 9
The construction, modification or extension of civil airport
(including the civil part in those airports joint-used by military and
civil units) shall conform to the stipulations governing the construction
of civil airport security facilities of the competent civil aviation
authorities under the State Council.
Article 10
A civil airport shall be opened for use if it satisfies the security
conditions listed below:
(1) It has established an airport controlled area and is provided with
full-time security personnel;
(2) It has established protective fence and patrol passages up to
standard;
(3) It has established a security unit and is provided with
corresponding personnel and equipment;
(4) It has established a security facilities and is provided with the
personnel and check-up equipments corresponding to the traffic volume of
the airport;
(5) It has established a full-time fire-fighting organization and is
provided with personnel and equipment in accordance with the fire-fighting
grade of the airport;
(6) It has established a contingency plan and is provided with
necessary contingency rescue equipment.
Article 11
The airpot controlled zone shall be divided, in accordance with
security requirements, into departure sterile area, baggage sorting
loading and unloading area, aircraft movement area, maintenance area and
cargo storage area, etc. Security protection facilities and distinct signs
shall be set up respectively.
Article 12
Strict security measures shall be established for the airport
controlled area, and the area shall be of a closed type and controlled
separately. The specific method of control shall be formulated by the
competent civil aviation authorities under the State Council.
Article 13
All personnel and vehicles, while entering the airport controlled
area, must bear the airport controlled area pass and be subject to the
inspection of security personnel.
Airport controlled area pass shall be made, issued and controlled by
the civil aviation public security unit in accordance with the regulations
concerned of the competent civil aviation authorities under the State
Council.
Article 14
In the aircraft movement area and the maintenance area, personnel and
vehicles must follow the stipulated way. Vehicles and equipments must be
parked in designated positions. All personnel and vehicles must make way
for aircraft.
Article 15
The civil aircraft parked in an airport must be guarded by specially
assigned persons; the departments concerned and their working personnel
must strictly implement aircraft handing over and taking over procedure.
Article 16
The following acts are prohibited in an airport:
(1) Climbing up and over (penetrate) or damage airport protective
fence and other security protection facilities;
(2) Hunting, herding, sunning grain or train vehicle driver in airport
controlled zone;
(3) Entering airport controlled area without airport pass;
(4) Crossing aircraft runway or taxiway at will;
(5) Forcibly boarding or occupying an aircraft;
(6) Making a false report on dangerous situation and creating
confusion;
(7) Any other acts disturbing the order in airport.

Chapter III Security of Civil Aviation Operation
Article 17
The carrier and its agent, in selling passenger ticket, must comply
with the regulations concerned of the competent civil aviation authorities
under the State Council; no passenger ticket shall be sold if not
conforming to regulations.
Article 18
The carrier, in performing the formalities for transportation, must
check up passengers and baggage in the aircraft.
Article 19
The carrier must check the number of passengers when they board the
aircraft.
The baggage of the passengers already checked in but failed to board
the aircraft shall not be loaded or retained in the aircraft.
If a passenger gets off the aircraft midway, his baggage must be
unloaded.
Article 20
The carrier must assign special persons to supervise the baggage and
cargo during the storage period on ground and transportation period.
Article 21
The unit which prepares the supplies and loads them must ensure the
safety of such supplies loaded into the aircraft.
Article 22
The work of security of an aircraft in flight shall be the unified
responsibility of the pilot-in-command.
The aviation security officer shall undertake the concrete work of
security under the leadership of the pilot-in-command.
The pilot-in-command, aviation security officer and other crew members
shall strictly fulfill their duties and protect the safety of the civil
aircraft and of the persons and property carried therein.
Article 23
The pilot-in-command, in performing his duties, may exercise the
following powers:
(1) Before the aircraft takes off he may refuse to take off if he
discovers that the party concerned failed to take the security measures
prescribed in the Regulations for the aircraft;
(2) During the flight he may take necessary measures of restraint
against a person who disturbs the order in the aircraft, interferes with
the normal work of crew members and disregards any warning;
(3) During the flight he may take necessary measures against the
seizure or destruction of the aircraft or any other acts harmful to
aviation safety;
(4) During the flight he can make the final decision regarding the
disposal of the aircraft in case of extraordinary circumstances.
Article 24
The following acts interfering with the order of civil aviation
operation are prohibited:
(1) Scalp the certificate for purchasing ticket, passenger ticket and
the effective reservation certificate of air transport enterprise;
(2) Purchase ticket and go aboard an aircraft by using the identity
card of another person;
(3) Taking advantage of the passenger ticket to check or bring along
the baggage not belonging to the passenger himself.
(4) Load into the aircraft articles which have not gone through
security inspection or for which no other security measures have been
taken.
Article 25
The following acts are prohibited in an aircraft:
(1) Smoke in no smoking area;
(2) Race to occupy seat or baggage compartment (rack);
(3) Fight, get drunk, or pick a quarrel and make trouble;
(4) Steal, damage deliberately or move without authorization
lifesaving articles or appliances;
(5) Commit other acts endangering flight safety and disturbing the
order in aircraft.

Chapter IV Security Inspection
Article 26
Passengers and other persons aboard the aircraft, together with the
baggage they carry, must be subject to security inspection except those
exempted from inspection as prescribed by the State Council.
A person who refuses to go through security inspection shall be denied
boarding and bear the losses himself.
Article 27
The security inspection personnel shall examine the ticket, identity
card and boarding pass of the passenger and carry out the security
inspection of the passenger and his baggage with instrument or manually;
the inspection may be stricter if necessary.
The passengers already gone through security inspection shall wait in
the departure sterile area for boarding the aircraft.
Article 28
The working personnel (including crew members) and the articles
brought along by them shall be subject to security inspection while
entering the departure sterile area.
The persons meeting or seeing off the passengers as well as other
personnel must not enter the departure sterile area.
Article 29
Diplomatic mail bags are exempted from security inspection. Diplomatic
couriers and other articles brought along by them shall be subject to
security inspection, except those otherwise provided in international
treaties concluded or participated in by the People's Republic of China.
Article 30
The cargo for air transportation must go through security inspection
or other security measures.
The cargo consignor must not consign an article with a false name or
secretly include dangerous articles among the goods.
Article 31
Air mail must go through security inspection. In case a suspicious
mail is discovered, the security inspection department and the postal
department shall jointly open it for examination and handling.
Article 32
Unless otherwise provided by the State Council, the persons flying in
a civil aircraft are prohibited from carrying with them or consign for
transportation the following articles:
(1) Firearms, ammunition, weapons, police arms;
(2) Controlled knives;
(3) Inflammables, explosives, poisonous, erosive and radioactive
articles;
(4) Other contraband stipulated by the State.
Article 33
Other articles which could be used to jeopardize flight safety, though
not included in Article 32, still must not be taken by the passenger
himself. However they can be consigned as baggage or can be carried, in
accordance with the regulations stipulated by the civil aviation
authorities of the State Council, by crew members and be taken back at the
destination.
Articles for daily use containing inflammable substance may be carried
in limited quantity. The articles to be carried in limited quantity and
the quantity to be carried shall be specified by the competent civil
aviation authorities of the State Council.

Chapter V Penalty Provisions
Article 34
Those who violates the provisions of Article 14 or commits an act
listed in Article 16, item (1) and (2) of Article 24 or Article 25 of the
Regulations shall be punished by the civil aviation public security
institute in accordance with the relevant provisions of the "Regulations
of the People's Republic of China on Administrative Penalties for Public
Security."
Article 35
Those who violates the relevant provisions in the Regulations shall be
punished by the civil aviation public security institute in accordance
with the following provisions:
(1) A person who commits an act listed in item 4 of Article 24 may be
punished by warning or imposing a fine of less than 3,000 RMB;
(2) A person who commits an act listed in item 3 of Article 24 may be
punished by warning, confiscating his unlawful earnings or imposing a fine
of less than 5,000 RMB;
(3) A person who violates item 2 of Article 30 and Article 32 but not
serious enough to constitute a crime, may be punished by imposing a fine
of less than 5,000 RMB, and confiscating or withholding the articles
unlawfully carried.
Article 36
Where the provisions of these Regulations are violated in one of the
following circumstances; the competent civil aviation authority may punish
the unit concerned by warning, stopping its business for rectification or
imposing a fine of less than 50,000 RMB; the civil aviation public
security organ may punish the person directly responsible by warning or
imposing a fine of less than 500 RMB:
(1) Cause an aircraft to be out of control in violation of the
provisions of Article 15;
(2) Sell passenger ticket in violation of the provisions of Article
17;
(3) Fail to check the persons to fly in the aircraft and baggage by
the carrier in performing the formalities for transportation in violation
of the provisions of Article 18;
(4) Violate the provisions of Article 19;
(5) Fail to take security measures for the articles accepted for
transportation and to be loaded into the aircraft in violation of the
provisions of Article 20, Article 21, item 1 of Article 30 and Article 31.
Article 37
Those who violates the relevant provisions of the Regulations and
constitutes a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility.
Article 38
Those who violates the provisions of the Regulations, in addition to
the punishment prescribed in this Chapter, shall bear the liability to pay
compensation according to law for any loss caused by him to a unit or an
individual.

Chapter VI Appendix
Article 39
In the Regulations the meanings of the following expressions are:
"Airport controlled area" refers to the area defined in an airport
according to the requirement of safety, the entry into and exit from which
are subject to restriction.
"Departure sterile area" refers to the area defined in a terminal
building (lounge) according to the requirement of safety, in which
departing passengers who have gone through security inspection wait to
board the aircraft, as well as boarding passage and ferry vehicle.
"Aircraft movement area" refers to the area in an airport used for the
takeoff and landing and other ground movements concerned of aircraft,
including runway, taxiway, connecting taxiway and passenger apron.
Article 40
The Regulations shall go into effect on the date of promulgation.


江西省人民代表大会常务委员会关于预防和制止家庭暴力的决定

江西省人大常委会


江西省人民代表大会常务委员会关于预防和制止家庭暴力的决定


(2002年7月29日江西省第九届人民代表大会常务委员会第三十一次会议通过)
    江西省第九届人民代表大会常务委员会第三十一次会议,听取和审议了江西省人民政府《关于我省预防和制止家庭暴力情况的汇报》。会议认为,我省预防和制止家庭暴力的工作,取得了一定的成效。但是,家庭暴力问题仍然是我省当前一个比较突出的社会问题,家庭暴力行为在我省尚未得到有效遏制,给家庭和社会带来不稳定因素。为了保护家庭成员的合法权益,预防和制止家庭暴力,维护家庭和社会的稳定,促进我省社会主义精神文明和物质文明建设,结合本省实际,特作如下决定:
    一、预防和制止家庭暴力,保护公民的人身权利,建立健康文明的家庭关系,是全社会的共同责任。预防和制止家庭暴力应当贯彻预防为主的方针,实行教育和处罚相结合的原则。
    本决定所称家庭暴力是指行为人以殴打、捆绑、残害、强行限制人身自由或者其他手段,给其家庭成员的身体、精神等方面造成一定伤害后果的行为。
    二、国家机关、社会团体、企事业单位和其他组织,应当重视家庭美德建设,倡导尊老爱幼、家庭和睦的社会主义新风尚,促进男女平等,将预防和制止家庭暴力纳入社会主义公民道德建设和社会治安综合治理范畴。
    三、在全省公民中深入开展法制和公民道德建设宣传教育活动,不断增强公民的法制观念和道德观念,增强家庭成员防范家庭暴力的法律意识和自我保护能力,大力弘扬平等、民主、文明、健康的家庭美德,在全社会树立正确的婚姻、家庭道德观念。
    四、国家机关、社会团体、企事业单位和其他组织对因家庭暴力侵害而投诉的公民,应当认真接待,并协助有关方面调查处理。家庭暴力行为人所在单位应当对家庭暴力行为人给予批评教育,责令改正,并视情节轻重依照有关规定给予相应处理。
    五、基层司法行政机构、村(居)民委员会的调解组织和有关单位,要重视家庭纠纷的调解,防止矛盾激化,对有暴力倾向的家庭成员要及时疏导,予以劝阻。
    六、公安机关接到正在遭受家庭暴力侵害的报警求助,应迅速出警,予以制止。
    公安机关对违反《治安管理处罚条例》的家庭暴力行为人,应依法予以处罚。家庭暴力行为人的行为,涉嫌犯罪的,公安机关应立案侦查。
    七、人民检察院要加强对家庭暴力案件的法律监督。人民检察院认为公安机关对应当立案侦查的家庭暴力案件而不立案侦查的,或者被害人认为公安机关对应当立案侦查的家庭暴力犯罪案件而不立案侦查,向人民检察院提出的,人民检察院应当要求公安机关说明不立案的理由。人民检察院认为其理由不能成立的,应当通知公安机关立案,公安机关应当依法立案。
    家庭暴力被害人起诉的案件,人民法院依法应予受理而不受理的,人民检察院应当实施法律监督。
    八、人民法院对人民检察院起诉的家庭暴力案件或者被害人提起自诉的家庭暴力案件,应依法及时审理。对造成人身财产损害的被害人提起附带民事诉讼的,应当依法判决家庭暴力行为人承担相应的民事责任。
    对因家庭暴力而引起的离婚案件,依法判决或者调解离婚的,在财产分割和子女抚养问题上应当依法维护被害人的利益。
    九、家庭暴力行为人在诉讼期间,继续施暴或者以暴力相威胁妨碍诉讼正常进行的,司法机关应依法及时采取强制措施;构成犯罪的,由有关司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
    十、律师和其他法律工作者应当依法为家庭暴力被害人提供法律服务,对符合法律援助条件的,法律援助机构应当提供法律援助。
    十一、司法鉴定机构对家庭暴力被害人要求对所受的伤害进行司法鉴定的,应当依法提供客观、真实的鉴定,并出具司法鉴定书。
    十二、新闻媒体要加强对家庭暴力行为的监督。
    十三、公民有权劝阻、制止和举报家庭暴力行为。对预防、化解、举报和查处家庭暴力有功的单位和个人,由人民政府或者有关部门给予表彰、奖励。
    十四、对有法定义务制止和处理家庭暴力行为而不予制止和处理,导致矛盾激化,造成严重后果的直接责任人,应当依法追究其责任。
    十五、各级人民政府和妇女、未成年人、老年人、残疾人权益保障协调机构应当加强对本决定的宣传贯彻,并加强有关预防和制止家庭暴力的指导协调工作。